Formulation and Evaluation of the Cream containing Piper Betle Leaves Extract

 

Utkarsha Shivsharan, Manoj R. Patil*, Pooja S Panpat, Vedant S. Pardeshimath

D.S.T.S Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Solapur - 413008, Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University, Maharashtra, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Hyperpigmentation affects people globally with negative psychology impacts. Piper Betle Leaf (PBL) extracts has many benefits including skin lightning which may reduce hyperpigmentation. The objective of this study was to develop an effective skin lightning cream containing PBL with ideal characteristics. A formulation of PBL cream was prepared and physical properties observed. Base and PBL cream had a non-Newtonian property with acceptable color, odor, texture, and showed no phase separation. The developed PBL creams showed significant results in the reduction in melanin content.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Piper Betel Leaf Extraction         

The leaves were freshly dried at a room temperature for 7 days then ground into powder. Cold maceration of PBL was performed by using acetone at a room temperature for 72 hours with the occasional stirring. 100 g of powdered PBL in 500 ml of acetone for 72 hours.

 

Fig No. 1: Leaves dried at room temperature

 

Water in Oil Cream Formulation:

Cream development started by placing the ingredients as listed in the table no.-1,2,3, and 4 into two different beakers comprising of aqueous and oil phase which where both heated upto 75˚C in a water bath for a 15 mins. Both the mixtures were mixed thoroughly using glass rod. Water phase was then added to oil phase (drop wise with a constant stirring) and homogenized with homogenizer for 10 mins.

 

The cream formed was left to cool to the room temperature before adding cold phase ingredient. The complete mixture was homogenized once again for 10mins.

 

Fig no.2-Maceration

 

Fig no.3-Extract

 

Introduction:

Hyperpigmentation is a skin disorder that causes area or it may cover a large area of body. This skin disorder is caused by excessive production of melanin by melanocytes of skin epidermis. It can also be caused by active melanocytes proliferating thus increase the number of melanocytes. This overproduction can be caused by an overabundance of sun exposure, hormonal change in pregnancy, certain medications as well as endocrine disease, solar lentigines, melasma, freckles, post- inflammatory hyperpigmentation and any other dark mark on skin are examples of hyperpigmentation, as shown in fig. no.-4.

 

Fig no.4-Illustration of some common hyperpigmentation issues

 

Pigmentation on skin is becoming a major aesthetic concern to many people. Some of treatment modalities for hyperpigmentation include topical skin lightning agent, chemical, laser therapies and surgery also.

 

Based on guidelines, the use of topical skin lightening agents acts as a first line therapy to tackle this matter. The most common skin lightning agent are chemical based such as hydroquinone, arbutin, tretinoin and alpha hydroxyl acids (kojic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid). All of these agent act by inhibiting activity of tyrosine enzyme, with which in succession leads to reduced production of melanin, hence depigmenting or whitening effect.

 

However, these agents may cause adverse effect including skin irritation, contact dermatitis, ochronosis, permanent depigmentation and increasing skin’s UV sensitivity. Thin discovery sparked interest in finding alternative skin lightening agents from naturals sources such as plant extracts, with belief that they are safer to use compared with synthetic chemical agents.

The leaf of piper betle leaf has been reported to have many therapeutic benefits including skin lightening effects. Piper betle leaf is a plant native to peninsular Malaysia from piperaceae family with easily obtained from local markets by name ‘Sireh’. The skin lightening effect is believed to be contributed by compound named hydroxychavicol (1-allyl-3,4- dihydroxy benzene). Researchers have found that its skin lightning effect is conferred through its anti-tyrosine activity in melanin synthetic pathway.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Table no.1- Oil phase with Coconut oil                                                     

 

Table no.-2 Oil phase with Almond oil

 

Table no.-3 Oil phase with Olive oil

 

Table no.-4 Oil phase with Liquid paraffin

 

Methods:

Spreadability:

An ideal topical cream should possess a sufficient spreading coefficient when applied or rubbed on skin surface. This was evaluated by placing about 1g of formulation on glass slide. Another glass slide of the same length was placed above that, and a mass of 500g was put on the glass slide so that the cream gets sandwiched between the two glass slides spreads at a certain distance. The time taken for cream to travel the distance from the place of its position was noted down. Spreadability was determined by the following formula

 

Spreadability (gm.cm/sec) =

 

Where,

m = weight

L = Length

T = Time

 

Viscosity:

The viscosity of the formulated cream was analyzed by using Brookfield Viscometer. The spindle was cleaned and used for viscosity measurement. The readings were recorded for viscosity of optimum formulation.

 

pH:

pH of formulation was measured using a digital pH meter. The meter is used to measure the acidity of the formulation by comparing readings from a reference electrode and sample electrode. pH meters generally require frequent calibration in the field and calibration is part of these lab. The pH of the formulation was determined by diluting 1g of the formulation in 9 ml of diluted water.

 

Acid value:

It is defined a number of alkalis required to completely neutralize the free fatty acids present in one gram of oil or fat substances. The amount of alkali consumed represents the number of fatty acids. Accurately weighed quantity of substance transferred to conical flask. Mixture of equal volumes of alcohol and ether were added. Titration was carried out with 0.1N potassium hydroxide or 0.1N sodium hydroxide until the solution remains faintly pink using phenolphthalein as an indicator after shaking.

 

Dye test:

Dye test was performed to determine the type of emulsion. The scarlet dye was mixed with cream. A drop of cream was placed on the microscopic slide cover it with coverslip and examine under microscope. If the disperse globule appears red the ground colorless the cream is oil in water type. The reverse condition occurs in water in oil type cream that is the disperse globules appears colorless.

 

Homogeneity:

Cream is an oil in water emulsion therefore the cream standardized to various fat level with skin must be homogenized to reduce the fat globule size and increase the stability that is to prevent fat separation. By homogenization various grades of viscosity in cream product can be obtained. Homogeneity of formulated cream by visual appearance and touch was performed.

 

Washability:

The cream applied on the skin was easily removed by washing with tap water.

 

Table no.5- Organoleptic properties

 

RESULT:

Table no.6-Test result of Spreadability, pH, Acid value

 

Table no.-7 Test result of dye test performed

 

DISCUSSION:

All formulations exhibited smooth texture, foaming, coalescence or no phase separation. The presence of borax as emulsifying agents stabilized the cream preventing it from separating into oil and aqueous components. All formulations have pH ranges from 6.64-7.30 which is suitable to be applied on human skin. All formulations have Spreadability ranging from 110.30-243.19 g.cm/s.

 

The Spreadability of formulation F5 is greater as compared to other formulation. The acid value of all formulations ranging from 6.73-12.34 which is satisfactory value. After performing the dye test of all batches, it shows colorless disperse globule in red ground. It concludes that it is w/o emulsion. All batches showed good homogeneity and washability with tap water. In this study water in oil cream containing piper betle leaf extract was formulated. The formulation was characterized to ensure that its properties are stable and suitable for consumer use.

 

CONCLUSION:

PBL was extracted by using simple maceration technique and good quantity of extract was obtained. By using simple bees wax-borax cream base PBL extract cream was prepared and evaluation parameters were studied. All batches showed smooth texture, acceptable color and characteristic odour. Comparing to all batches, batch F2 showed acceptable pH which is suitable for skin. The viscosity of a cream is optimum which indicate that cream is easily spreadable. All batches show good homogeneity.  The characteristics of the cream including its organoleptic properties, pH, Spreadability was all desirable. The formulation could potentially be a new alternative in skin lightning arena.

 

REFERENCE:

1.      Khoo, Y.T.; Halim, A.S. Treatment modalities for hyperpigmented skin lesions: A brief overview. J. Surg. Dermatol. 2016, 1, 71–79. [CrossRef]

2.      Desai, S.R. Hyperpigmentation Therapy: A Review. J. Clin. Aesthetic Dermatol. 2014, 7, 13–17.

3.      Gillbro, J.M.; Olsson, M.J. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents-existing and new approaches. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2011, 33, 210–221. 

4.      Beresniak, A.; Auray, J.-P.; Duru, G.; Aractingi, S.; Krueger, G.G.; Talarico, S.; Adam, A.-S.; Piot, B.; Dupont, D.; De Linares, Y. Impact of pigmentary disorders on quality of life in Japan: Interest of the BeautyQoL instrument. J. Cosmet. Laser Ther. 2015, 17, 313–317. 

5.      Jennifer, C.; Stephie, C.M.; Abhishri, S.B.; Shalini, B.U. A Review on Skin Whitening Property of Plant Extracts. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2012, 3, 332–347.

6.      Aumeeruddy-Elalfi, Z.; Gurib-Fakim, A.; Mahomoodally, M. Kinetic studies of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 19 essential oils extracted from endemic and exotic medicinal plants. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2016, 103, 89–94. 

7.      Foo, L.W.; Salleh, E.; Mamat, S.N.H. Extraction and Qualitative Analysis of Piper Betle Leaves for Antimicrobial Activities. Int. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. Res. 2015, 2, 2394–3386.

8.      Majeed, M.; Bani, S.; Pandey, A.; Anand-tathapudi, S. A Composition and a Method of Treating CNS Disorders and HyPerpigmentation. US Patent US12/900,727, 12 April 2012.

9.      Salleh, W.M.N.H.W.; Ahmad, F.; Khong, H.Y. Antioxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities from Piper officinarum C.DC (Piperaceae). J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 4, 87. 

10.   Smaoui, S. Cosmetic emulsion from virgin olive oil: Formulation and bio-physical evaluation. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2012, 11, 9664–9671. 

 

Received on 02.09.2022         Accepted on 22.09.2022        

Accepted on 05.10.2022        ©A&V Publications all right reserved